#SOLID Design Principles

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What we’ll cover

• What are Design Principles?
• DRY Principle
• WET Principle
• SOLID Principle
• Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

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What we’ll cover (continued)

• Open/closed principle (OCP)
• Liskov substitution principle (LSP)
• Interface segregation principle (ISP)
• Dependency inversion principle (DIP)

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Design Principles

• A set of guidelines that helps us to avoid having a bad design.

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DRY Principle

• Don’t Repeat Yourself
• Aimed to reduce repetition of all kinds.
• Composition (black-box reuse) to inheritance (white-box reuse)
  • Inheritance exposes object internals (violation of encapsulation)
• Design to interface, not implementation

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WET Principle

• Violations of DRY are typically referred to as WET solutions
  • write everything twice
  • we enjoy typing
  • waste everyone’s time

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Rule of Three

• Code refactoring rule of thumb
• states that the code can be copied once, but that when the same code is used three times, it should be extracted into a new procedure

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SOLID Principle

• Single Responsibility Principle
• Open/Closed Principle
• Liskov Substitution Principle
• Interface Segregation Principle
• Dependency Inversion Principle

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Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

• Every class should have responsibility over a single part of the functionality provided by the software.
• The responsibility of a class should be entirely encapsulated by the class.
• The services of a class should be narrowly aligned with the responsibility of that module.
• Robert C. Martin expresses the principle as, “A class should have only one reason to change.”

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Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
Example

• String class has a single responsibility of managing an array of Character
• Violations of SRP enforce a WET design.
  • WET design promotes an anti-pattern known as God Object Pattern

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Open/closed principle (OCP)

• Software entities should be open for extension, but closed for modification.
• Polymorphic open/closed principle
• Meyer’s open/closed principle
  • A class is open if it is still available for extension.
    • Open, since any new class may use it as parent, adding new features.
  • A module will be said to be closed if it is available for use by other modules.
    • Closed since it may be compiled, stored in a library, baselined, and used by client classes.

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Open/closed principle (OCP)
Example

• jarred projects ensure that a client can use & and compose packaged classes, but prevents client from modifying class.
• junit.org.Test is made available for client use & extension, but closed to modification

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Liskov substitution principle (LSP)

• objects in a program should be replaceable with instances of their subtypes without altering the correctness of that program.
• Illustrating LSP

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Liskov substitution principle (LSP)
Example (Coupled)

• Here, we have coupled a Classroom to a specific List implementation, ArrayList

public class Classroom {
    private ArrayList<Student> students;
    public Classroom(ArrayList<Student> student) {
        this.students = students;
    }
}

public void demo() {
	ArrayList<Student> students = new ArrayList<>();
	Classroom classroom = new Classroom(students);
}

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Liskov substitution principle (LSP)
Example (Decoupled)

• Here, we have decoupled a Classroom from a specific List implementation

public class Classroom {
    private List<Student> students;
    public Classroom(List<Student> student) {
        this.students = students;
    }
}

public void demo() {
	List<Student> studentArrayList = new ArrayList<>();
	List<Student> studentLinkedList = new LinkedList<>();

	Classroom classroom1 = new Classroom(studentArrayList);
	Classroom classroom2 = new Classroom(studentLinkedList);
}

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Interface segregation principle (ISP)

• many client-specific interfaces are better than one general-purpose interface.
• No client should be forced to depend on methods it does not use.
• Splits large, vague interfaces into smaller, specific ones giving the client access to only methods that are of interest to them.
• This principle should arise naturally from a project properly abiding by SRP

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Interface segregation principle (ISP)
Example Part 1

• Here, we have coupled a Person to an identify and serialize behavior

public class Person {
	private Long id;
	private String serial;
	public Person(Long id, String serial) {
		this.id = id;
		this.serial = serial;
	}

	public Long identify() { return id; }
	public String serialize() { return serial; }
}

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Interface segregation principle (ISP)
Example Part 2

• If other classes are identifiable, or serializable they have no common class; it makes most sense to create an Identifiable and Serializable interface
• This decoupling allows us to couple a single behavior at a time to a class

public interface Identifiable { Long identify(); }

public interface Serializable { String serialize(); }

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Interface segregation principle (ISP)
Example Part 3

• Creating an Identifiable person

public class Person implements Identifiable {
	private Long id;
	public Person(Long id) {
			this.id = id;
	}

	public Long identify() { return id; }
}

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Interface segregation principle (ISP)
Example Part 4

• Creating a Serializable person

public class Person implements Serializable {
	private String serial;
	public Person(String serial) {
			this.serial = serial;
	}

	public String serialize() { return serial; }
}

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Interface segregation principle (ISP)
Example Part 5

• Creating a Serializable & Identifiable person

public class IdentifiablePerson implements Identifiable, Serializable {
	private Long id;
	public IdentifiablePerson(Long id, String serial) {
			this.id = id;
			this.serial = serial;
	}

	public Long identify() { return id; }
	public String serialize() { return serial; }
}

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Interface segregation principle (ISP)
Example Part 6

• The decoupling allows us to:
  • program to very specific interfaces
  • interchange different implementations of the interface

public void demo() {
	IdentifiablePerson person = new IdentifiablePerson(0L, "Blah Blah Serial");
	Identifiable identifiable = person;
	Serializable serializable = person;
}

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Dependency inversion principle (DIP)

• one should depend upon abstractions, not concretions
  • A. High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules; Both should depend on abstractions.
  • B. Abstractions should not depend on details; Details should depend on abstractions.